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Common Names
Fennel
How this plant is used
Food
| Chemical Name | Activity Count | Plant Part | Low Parts Per Million | High Parts Per Million | Standard Deviation | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CIS-OCIMENE | 3 | Fruit | 40.0 | 600.0 | 1.00 | Duke, 1992 * |
| CIS-OCIMENE | 3 | Seed | 40.0 | 600.0 | 1.00 | Lawrence, B.M., Essential Oils 1976-1977, Essential Oils 1978, Essential Oils 1979-1980. |
| CITRAL | 53 | Seed Essent. Oil | not available | not available | not available | Jim Duke's personal files. |
| CITRIC-ACID | 23 | Fruit | not available | not available | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| CITRIC-ACID | 23 | Seed | not available | not available | not available | Rizk, A.F.M., The Phytochemistry of the Flora of Qatar, Scientific and Applied Research Centre, University of Qatar, Kingprint, Richmond, UK, 1986. |
| CITRONELLAL | 20 | Seed Essent. Oil | not available | not available | not available | Jim Duke's personal files. |
| CITRONELLOL | 15 | Essential Oil | not available | 2800.0 | -0.77 | Jim Duke's personal files. |
| COBALT | 2 | Fruit | 1.0 | 31.0 | 3.22 | Duke, 1992 * |
| COBALT | 2 | Seed | 0.3 | 3.1 | -0.07 | Duke, 1992 * |
| COLUMBIANETIN | 0 | Fruit | not available | not available | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| COLUMBIANETIN | 0 | Seed | not available | not available | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| COPPER | 12 | Fruit | 8.0 | 24.0 | 0.87 | Duke, 1992 * |
| COPPER | 12 | Seed | 8.0 | 24.0 | 0.83 | Duke, 1992 * |
| CYNARIN | 23 | Plant | not available | not available | not available | List, P.H. and Horhammer, L., Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Vols. 2-6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969-1979. |
| CYNAROSIDE | 3 | Leaf | not available | not available | not available | Jim Duke's personal files. |
| CYSTINE | 2 | Fruit | 2220.0 | 2435.0 | 1.46 | Duke, 1992 * |
| CYSTINE | 2 | Seed | 2220.0 | 2435.0 | -0.50 | USDA's Ag Handbook 8 and sequelae) |
| D-LIMONENE | 19 | Fruit | not available | not available | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| D-LIMONENE | 19 | Seed | not available | not available | not available | Chemical Constituents of Oriental Herbs (3 diff. books) |
| DI-P-METHOXYSTILBENE | 0 | Plant | not available | not available | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| Activity | Chemical Count | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Calcium-Antagonist | 17 | Duke, 1992 * |
| Calcium-Channel-Blocker | 1 | Duke, 1992 * |
| Calmodulin-Antagonist | 1 | Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf). |
| cAMP-Phosphodiesterase-Inhibitor | 3 | Duke, 1992 * |
| Cancer-Preventive | 52 | Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp. |
| Candidicide | 14 | Martindale's 28th |
| Candidistat | 3 | Duke, 1992 * |
| Capillarigenic | 1 | Duke, 1992 * |
| Capillariprotective | 2 | Merck 11th Edition |
| Carcinogenic | 12 | Duke, 1992 * |
| Carcinogenic? | 2 | Martindale's 29th |
| Cardiac | 2 | Ozaki, Y. and Ma, J-P. 1989. Inhibitory Effects of Tetramethylpyrazine and Ferulic Acid on Spontaneous Movement of Rat Uterus in Situ. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(6): 1620-1623, 1990. |
| Cardiodepressant | 2 | Martindale's 29th |
| Cardiomyopathogenic | 1 | Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp. |
| Cardioprotective | 12 | Duke, 1992 * |
| Cardiotoxic | 1 | Duke, 1992 * |
| Carminative | 5 | Yamamoto, A., Umemori, S., and Muranishi, S. 1993. Absorption Enhancement of Intrapulmonary Administered Insulin by Various Absorption Enhancers and Protease Inhibitors in Rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 46: 14-18, 1994. |
| Caspase-3-Inducer | 1 | Duke, 1992 * |
| Caspase-8-Inducer | 1 | Duke, 1992 * |
| Catabolic | 2 | Duke, 1992 * |