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How this plant is used
Medicinal
| Chemical Name | Activity Count | Plant Part | Low Parts Per Million | High Parts Per Million | Standard Deviation | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3-O-ACETYLOLEANOLIC-ACID | 1 | Stem | not available | not available | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| BETA-SITOSTEROL | 47 | Bark | not available | 270.0 | 0.64 | Duke, 1992 * |
| BETA-SITOSTEROL | 47 | Leaf | not available | not available | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| BETA-SITOSTEROL | 47 | Stem | not available | not available | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| BETULIN | 13 | Bark | not available | 17.0 | -0.41 | Duke, 1992 * |
| BETULIN | 13 | Tb | not available | 17.0 | not available | Duke, J. A. Writeups or information summaries on approximately 2,000 economic plants, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705. |
| FRIEDELIN | 2 | Bark | not available | 430.0 | -1.00 | Duke, 1992 * |
| FRIEDELIN | 2 | Stem | not available | not available | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| FRIEDELIN-3ALPHA-ACETATE | 0 | Leaf | not available | not available | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| FRIEDELIN-3BETA-OL | 0 | Leaf | not available | not available | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| KAEMPFERITRIN | 1 | Flower | not available | not available | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| KAEMPFEROL | 75 | Flower | not available | not available | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| LIGNOCERIC-ACID | 1 | Stem | not available | not available | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| QUERCETIN | 176 | Flower | not available | not available | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| TARAXEROL | 2 | Leaf | not available | not available | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| Activity | Chemical Count | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor | 1 | Duke, 1992 * |
| P450-Inducer | 1 | Father Nature's Farmacy: The aggregate of all these three-letter citations. |
| P450-Inhibitor | 1 | Father Nature's Farmacy: The aggregate of all these three-letter citations. |
| PAF-Inhibitor | 1 | Duke, 1992 * |
| Pesticide | 3 | Duke, 1992 * |
| PGE2-Inhibitor | 1 | Duke, 1992 * |
| Phospholipase-Inhibitor | 1 | Duke, 1992 * |
| Plasmodicide | 1 | Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African Ethnobotany - Poisons and Drugs. Chapman & Hall, New York. 941 pp. |
| Proliferant | 1 | Duke, 1992 * |
| Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor | 2 | Huang, C., Tunon, H., Bohlin, L. 1995. Anti-Inflammatory Compounds Isolated from Menyanthes trifoliata L. Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao, 30(8): 621-626. |
| Protein-Kinase-C-Inhibitor | 1 | Naim, M., Zehavi, U., Nagy, S., and Rouseff, R.L. Hydroxycinnamic Acids as Off-Flavor Precursors in Citrus Fruits and Their Products. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.14. |
| Protisticide | 1 | Meckes, M., Calzada, F., Tapia-Contreras, A., Cedillo-Rivera, R. 1999. Antiprotozoal Properties of Helianthemum glomeratum. Phytotherapy Research, 13(2): 102-105. |
| PTK-Inhibitor | 1 | Duke, 1992 * |
| Quinone-Reductase-Inducer | 2 | Duke, 1992 * |
| Spermicide | 1 | Malini, T. and Vanithakumari, G. 1989. Rat Toxicity Studies With B-Sitosterol. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 28: 221-234, 1990. |
| Teratologic | 2 | Duke, 1992 * |
| TNF-alpha-Inhibitor | 2 | Duke, 1992 * |
| Topoisomerase-I-Inhibitor | 2 | Santti, R., Makela, S., Strauss, L., Korman, J., Kostian, M. L. 1998. Phytoestrogens: Potential Endocrine Disruptors in Males. Toxicol Ind Health, 14: 223-237. |
| Topoisomerase-II-Inhibitor | 3 | Constantinou, A., Mehta, R., Runyan, C., Rao, K., Vaughan, A., Moon, R. 1995. Flavonoids as DNA Topoisomerase Antagonists and Poisons: Structure-Activity Relationships. J Natural Products, 58: 217-225. |
| Tumorigenic | 1 | Jim Duke's personal files. |