An official website of the United States government.

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

Biological Activity Refrigerant

List of activity chemicals.
Click on column headings to sort table by that column. *Unless otherwise noted all references are to (Duke, 1992)
Chemical Name Dosage Reference
CITRIC-ACID not available Martindale's 28th
MENTHOL not available Yamamoto, A., Umemori, S., and Muranishi, S. 1993. Absorption Enhancement of Intrapulmonary Administered Insulin by Various Absorption Enhancers and Protease Inhibitors in Rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 46: 14-18, 1994.
List of Activity Plants.
Click on column headings to sort table by that column.
Plant Name Common Name Chemical Count Total Parts Per Million
Eriobotrya japonica Loquat 1 0
Eucalyptus citriodora Lemon Eucalyptus; Lemon-Scented Gum; Spotted Gum; Citron-Scented Gum 1 0
Euonymus atropurpureus Burning Bush; Wahoo 1 0
Euphorbia tirucalli Aveloz 1 74, 000
Fagopyrum esculentum Buckwheat 1 8, 200
Ficus carica Fig; Figuier Commun (Fr.); Echte Feige (Ger.); Feigenbaum (Ger.); Fico (Ital.); Figueira (Port.); Higo (Sp.); Higuera Comun (Sp.) 1 35, 200
Filipendula ulmaria Meadowsweet; Queen Of The Meadow 1 0
Foeniculum vulgare Fennel 1 0
Fragaria spp Strawberry 1 8, 000
Galium odoratum Waldmeister; Woodruff 1 0
Garcinia mangostana Mangosteen; Mangostin 1 55, 630
Ginkgo biloba Ginkgo; Maidenhair Tree 1 0
Glechoma hederacea Alehoof 1 0
Glycine max Soybean 1 13, 000
Hedeoma drummondii Drummond's Pennyroyal 1 10
Hedeoma pulegioides American Pennyroyal 1 1, 030
Helianthus annuus Sunflower; Girasol 2 623, 800
Hibiscus sabdariffa Roselle; Indian Sorrel; Jamaica Sorrel; Kharkadi; Red Sorrel; Sorrel; Malventee (Ger.); Rosella (Ger.); Acedera de Guinea (Sp.); Rosa de Jamaica (Sp.); Sereni (Sp.) 1 2, 493, 337
Hippophae rhamnoides Sallow Thorn; Sea Buckthorn; Yellow Spine 1 0
Hyptis suaveolens Wild Hops 1 0