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Chemical ID
CHOLINE
Ubiquitous
Yes
| Dosage | Reference |
|---|---|
| LD50=200 (scu cat) | |
| LD50=400 (ipr rat) | |
| LD50=6,700 (orl rat) | |
| MLD 70 mg/kg (ivn rbt) | Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African Ethnobotany - Poisons and Drugs. Chapman & Hall, New York. 941 pp. |
| MLD 800 mg/kg (scu rbt) | Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African Ethnobotany - Poisons and Drugs. Chapman & Hall, New York. 941 pp. |
| RDA=500 mg/day |
| Activity | Dosage | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Antialzheimeran | 5-16 g/man/day | Duke, 1992 * |
| Antichoreic | not available | Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp. |
| Anticirrhotic | 6,000 mg/man/day | Duke, 1992 * |
| Anticystinuric | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| Antidementia | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| Antidiabetic | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| Antidyskinetic | 150-200 mg/kg/man/day | Martindale's 28th |
| Antihomocysteine | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| Antimanic | 15-30 g/man/day/orl | Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf). |
| Antinociceptive | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| Antisteatotic | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| Cardiodepressant | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| Cerebrotonic | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| Cholinergic | not available | Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press, London. 296pp. |
| Hepatoprotective | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| Hypotensive | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| Ileorelaxant | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| Lipotropic | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| Memorigenic | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| Parasympathomimetic | (1/1,000th acetylcholine) | Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African Ethnobotany - Poisons and Drugs. Chapman & Hall, New York. 941 pp. |
| Plant Name | Plant Part | Low Parts Per Million | High Parts Per Million | Standard Deviation | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Papaver somniferum | Plant | not available | not available | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| Paullinia cupana | Seed | not available | not available | not available | CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs and/or CRC Handbook of Proximate Analyses |
| Petasites hybridus | Rhizome | not available | not available | not available | List, P.H. and Horhammer, L., Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Vols. 2-6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969-1979. |
| Peumus boldus | Leaf | not available | not available | not available | List, P.H. and Horhammer, L., Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Vols. 2-6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969-1979. |
| Phaseolus vulgaris | Fruit | not available | not available | not available | List, P.H. and Horhammer, L., Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Vols. 2-6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969-1979. |
| Pimpinella anisum | Plant | not available | not available | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| Pimpinella anisum | Seed | not available | 3950.0 | 2.1 | Duke, 1992 * |
| Pinellia ternata | Stem | not available | not available | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| Pinus sylvestris | Flower | not available | 3400.0 | 0.4 | List, P.H. and Horhammer, L., Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Vols. 2-6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969-1979. |
| Piper nigrum | Seed | not available | 1642.0 | 0.0 | Duke, 1992 * |
| Pistacia lentiscus | Seed | not available | not available | not available | CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs and/or CRC Handbook of Proximate Analyses |
| Pisum sativum | Root | not available | 61.0 | -0.4 | Duke, 1992 * |
| Pisum sativum | Seed | 1970.0 | 2800.0 | 1.1 | Duke, 1992 * |
| Pisum sativum | Shoot | not available | 121.0 | -0.6 | Duke, 1992 * |
| Pisum sativum | Fruit | not available | 2060.0 | -0.2 | Duke, 1992 * |
| Plantago asiatica | Plant | not available | not available | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| Plantago major | Seed | not available | not available | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| Prunus serotina | Leaf | not available | 356.0 | -0.5 | Duke, 1992 * |
| Pueraria montana | Root | not available | not available | not available | Duke, 1992 * |
| Rhizophora mangle | Leaf | not available | not available | not available | Duke, 1992 * |