Frangula alnus | Plant | Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases

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Common name(s)

Buckthorn

How used

Medicinal

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Activities: 264

Chemicals w/Activities: 20

All Chemicals: 41

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# Activity	Chemical Name	Part Filter by plant part	Low PPM	High PPM	StdDev	^*Reference
0	1,8-DIHYDRO-2-ACETYL-NAPHTHALENE	Bark	--	--	--	*
0	1-MONOGLUCOSIDEMODIN	Plant	--	--	--	*
24	ALOE-EMODIN	Plant	--	--	--	*
Antibacterial MIC=2-64 ug/ml * Antiherpetic * Antileukemic * Antisalmonella Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press, London. 296pp. Antiseptic MIC=2-64 ug/ml * Antistaphylococcic MIC=2-64 ug/ml * Antitumor 1 ug/mL * Antiviral * Arylamine-N-Acetyltransferase-Inhibitor * Calcium-Antagonist (strong activity) * Candidicide MIC=25-250 ug/ml * Cathartic Merck 11th Edition Cytotoxic 20 ppm * Estrogenic * Fungicide MIC=25-250 ug/ml * Genotoxic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp. Laxative * Mutagenic * Pesticide * Purgative ED50=>59.6 mg/kg orl mus * Termitifuge Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp. Topoisomerase-II-Inhibitor 1 mM Muller, S. O., Eckert, I., Lutz, W. K., Stopper, H. 1996. Genotoxicity of the Laxative Drug Components Emodin, Aloe-emodin and Danthron in Mammalian Cells: Topoisomerase II Mediated? Mutat Res, 371: 165-173. Topoisomerase-II-Inhibitor IC50=741 uM/ml Mueller, S. O., Stopper, H. 1999. Characterization of the Genotoxicity of Anthraquinones in Mammalian Cells. Biochimica & Biophysica Acta, 1428: 406-414. Tuberculostatic Pakistan Encyclopedia Planta Medica. 1986.
12	ALOIN	Plant	--	--	--	*
Allergenic? * Antifertility 62.5 mg/kg/day * Antiherpetic * Antispermatogenic 62.5 mg/kg/day * Antiviral * Cholagogue Pakistan Encyclopedia Planta Medica. 1986. Hypothermic Pakistan Encyclopedia Planta Medica. 1986. Laxative 13-60 mg/man Martindale's 28th Peristaltic Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp. Pesticide * Purgative Merck 11th Edition Uricosuric Pakistan Encyclopedia Planta Medica. 1986.
8	AMYGDALIN	Plant	--	--	--	*
Antiinflammatory * Antispasmodic * Antitussive Oriental Materia Medica (three volumes by Dr. Hsu and collaborators) Bitter * Cancer-Preventive Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp. Cyanogenic Cooper-Driver, G. A., Chemical substances in plants toxic to animals, pp. 213-47 in Rechcigl, M., Jr., ed. CRC Handbook of Naturally Occurring Food Toxicants, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1983, 339 pp. Expectorant Oriental Materia Medica (three volumes by Dr. Hsu and collaborators) Toxic *
6	ANTHRAQUINONES	Bark	30000.0	70000.0	-1.00	*
Antilithic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf). Bird-Repellent Merck 11th Edition Carcinogenic * Laxative Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf). Litholytic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf). Toxic Jim Duke's personal files.
1	ANTHRONE	Bark	--	--	--	*
Emetic *
0	ANTHRONE-GLYCOSIDE	Bark	--	--	--	*
0	ARACHIDIC-ACID	Plant	--	--	--	*
4	ARMEPAVINE	Bark	--	--	--	*
Antitumor-Promoter * Cardioactive Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp. Convulsant Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp. Irritant Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
6	BARBALOIN	Bark	--	--	--	*
Antibacterial * Antihistaminic IC50=20-60 ug/ml * Antitubercular * Laxative 500 uM * Pesticide * Purgative ED50=15 mg/kg orl mus *
53	BETA-CAROTENE	Fruit	--	--	--	*
Allergenic * Androgenic? Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf). Antiacne Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf). Antiaging * Antiarthritic * Antiasthmatic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf). Anticancer Joseph, J., Nadeau, D. and Underwood, A. 2001. The Color Code. Hyperion, NY. Anticarcinomic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf). Anticervicaldysplasic * Anticoronary 50 mg/man/2 days * Antihyperkeratotic * Antiichythyotic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf). Antileukoplakic * Antilipoperoxidant IC71=50 ug/ml * Antilupus 150 mg/man/day/2 mos Martindale's 28th Antimaculitic * Antimastitic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf). Antimutagenic Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235. Antioxidant Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf). Antiozenic * Antipapillomic * Antiphotophobic 30-300 mg/man/day Martindale's 29th Antipityriasic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf). AntiPMS * Antiporphyric 30-300 mg/man/day Martindale's 28th Antiproliferant Joseph, J., Nadeau, D. and Underwood, A. 2001. The Color Code. Hyperion, NY. Antipsoriac Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf). Antiradicular Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf). Antirheumatic * Antistress Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp. Antitumor Simon, P.W. Carrots and Other Horticultural Crops as a Source of Provitamin A Carotenes. HortScience, 25(12): 1495, 1990. Antitumor (Breast) IC45=60 ug/ml * Antitumor (CNS) IC43=45 ug/ml * Antitumor (Colon) IC43=45 ug/ml * Antitumor (Lung) IC30=60 ug/ml * Antitumor (Prostate) * Antitumor (Stomach) IC26=45 ug/ml * Antiulcer 12 mg 3x/day/man/orl Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf). Antiulcer 15,000-25,000 IU/day * Antixerophthalmic Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp. Cancer-Preventive 22 ppm Jim Duke's personal files. Chemopreventive * Colorant Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp. COX-1-Inhibitor IC78=50 ug/ml * COX-2-Inhibitor IC82=50 ug/ml * Gastroprotective * Immunostimulant 180 mg/man/day/orl Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf). Interferon-Synergist * Mucogenic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf). Phagocytotic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf). Prooxidant 20 ug/g * Thymoprotective Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf). Ubiquiot Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
43	CATECHIN	Plant	--	--	--	*
Allelochemic IC86=1 mM Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp. Antiaggregant IC68=200 ug/ml * Antialcoholic 2,000 mg/man/day Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf). Antiarthritic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf). Antibacterial MIC=>1,000 ug/ml Planta Medica, 57: A42, 1991. Anticariogenic * Antiedemic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf). Antiendotoxic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf). Antifeedant Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990. Antiflu Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf). Antihepatitic 1 g 3x/day/man Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf). Antihepatotoxic Merck 11th Edition Antiherpetic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf). Antihistaminic 1,000 mg 5x/day/man Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf). Antihyperlipidemic Choi, J.S., Yokozawa,* T., and Oura, H. Antihyperlipidemic Effect Of Flavonoids From Prunus davidiana. Journal of Natural Products, 54(1): 218-224, 1991. Antiinflammatory IC50=80 uM (cf indomethacin IC50=1 uM) * Antileukemic IC50=>10 ug/ml Life Sciences 55: 1061. Antilipoperoxidant * Antiosteotic 500 mg 3x/day Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf). Antioxidant IC50=0.19 uM * Antioxidant 2.4 x Vit. E * Antiperiodontal Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf). Antiplaque Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf). Antiprostaglandin IC50=80 uM (cf indomethacin IC50=1 uM) * Antiradicular IC50=8 uM Planta Medica, 56(6): 695, 1990. Antisclerodermic Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf). Antiulcer 1 g/5x/day/man/orl Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf). Antiviral * Astringent Merck 11th Edition Cancer-Preventive * Carcinogenic * COMP-Inhibitor Dullo, A. G., et al. 1999. Efficacy of a green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, 70: 1040-1045. COX-1-Inhibitor IC50=80 uM (cf indomethacin IC50=1 uM) * Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor * Fungicide ED50=2.9-4.6 ug/ml Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp. Hemostat * Hepatoprotective Advance in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research. 1985. Eds. H. M. Chang, H. W. Yeung, W. -W. Tso and A. Koo. World Scientific Publishing Co., Philadelphia Pa., page 253. Hypocholesterolemic Choi, J.S., Yokozawa,* T., and Oura, H. Antihyperlipidemic Effect Of Flavonoids From Prunus davidiana. Journal of Natural Products, 54(1): 218-224, 1991. Immunostimulant Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf). Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC96=5 mM Oszmianski, J. and Lee, C.Y. 1990. Inhibitory Effect of Phenolics on Carotene Bleaching in Vegetables. J. Agric. Food Chem. 38: 688-690. Pesticide * Propecic * Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor Mills, Simon and Bone, Kerry. 2000. Phytotherapy. Churchill Livinston, Edinburgh.
10	CHRYSOPHANOL	Bark	--	--	--	*
Antibacterial Recently became Internat. J. Crude Drug Res. 28(1,2,3,4):1990, page 155. Antiseptic * Calcium-Antagonist 5/6 aloeemodin * Candidicide Recently became Internat. J. Crude Drug Res. 28(1,2,3,4):1990, page 155. Cathartic * Hemostat * Pesticide * Pigment Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp. Purgative ED50=>500 mg/kg orl mus * Termitifuge Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
0	DESOXYBARBALOIN	Plant	--	--	--	*
58	EMODIN	Bark	--	--	--	*
AGEs-Inhibitor IC50=118 uM * Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor IC50=15.9 uM * Allergenic Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press, London. 296pp. Antiaggregant * Antiangiogenic * Antibacterial * Anticytomegalovirus ED50=1.1 ug/ml * Antifeedant Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990. Antiinflammatory 15 mg/kg * Antileukemic Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp. Antilymphomic * AntiMRSA MIC 2-64 ug/ml * Antimutagenic * Antineoplastic * Antiplaque ED50=1.1 ug/ml * Antiproliferant IC50=20-30 uM * Antisarcomic * Antiseptic * Antispasmodic Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel Co., Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989. Antisprout * Antitumor (Breast) * Antiulcer 15 mg/kg * Antivaginitic TIllotson, A. K. (with Abel, Jr., R., Tillotson, N.H., Bajracharya, V.M.B.). 2001. The One Earth Herbal Sourcebook: Everything You Need to Know about Chinese, Western, and Ayurvedic Herbal Treatments. Twin Streams, Kensington Publishing Corp. NY,NY. 596 pp Antiviral ED50=1.1 ug/ml * Antiviral EC50=1.1 * Cathartic Merck 11th Edition CNS-Depressant 15 mg/kg ipr mus * Collagenase-Inhibitor IC50=40 uM * COX-2-Inhibitor * Cytotoxic CD50=2.6 ug/ml * Differentiator IC50=20-30 uM * Estrogenic * Genotoxic * Gonadotropic * Hypolipidemic * Immunostimulant * Immunosuppressant * iNOS-Inhibitor * Leucocytogenic * MMP-2-Inhibitor * MMP-7-Inhibitor * MMP-9-Inhibitor * Mutagenic * NO-Inhibitor IC50=60.7 uM * Pesticide * PGE2-Inhibitor * Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor IC50=23 uM/ml Mueller, S. O., Stopper, H. 1999. Characterization of the Genotoxicity of Anthraquinones in Mammalian Cells. Biochimica & Biophysica Acta, 1428: 406-414. Protein-Kinase-C-Inhibitor IC50=25 uM * PTK-Inhibitor 10-100 uM * PTK-Inhibitor IC50=19-37 uM * Purgative ED50=>500 mg/kg orl mus * Styptic * Topoisomerase-II-Inhibitor 1 mM Muller, S. O., Eckert, I., Lutz, W. K., Stopper, H. 1996. Genotoxicity of the Laxative Drug Components Emodin, Aloe-emodin and Danthron in Mammalian Cells: Topoisomerase II Mediated? Mutat Res, 371: 165-173. Topoisomerase-II-Inhibitor IC50=7 uM/ml Mueller, S. O., Stopper, H. 1999. Characterization of the Genotoxicity of Anthraquinones in Mammalian Cells. Biochimica & Biophysica Acta, 1428: 406-414. Trichomonicide * Tyrosine-Kinase-Inhibitor * Vasodilator * Vasorelaxant *
0	EMODIN-1-GLUCOSIDE	Plant	--	--	--	*
2	EMODIN-8-GLUCOSIDE	Plant	--	--	--	*
Pesticide * Spermistat Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
0	EMODIN-8-O-BETA-GENTIOBIOSIDE	Bark	--	--	--	*
0	EMODIN-DIANTHRONE	Bark	--	--	--	*

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^*Unless otherwise noted all references are to Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.

Plant Frangula alnus (Rhamnaceae)

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