TRIDEC-1-ENE-3-5-7-9-11-PENTAYNE

Flower

16450.0

1.0

Jim Duke's personal files.

FAT

Root

3263.0

13000.0

-0.33

Root

1.7

12500.0

1.3

Jim Duke's personal files.

3,4-EPOXY-TRIDECA-1,5-DIENE-7,9,11-TRIYNE

Leaf

11200.0

1.0

Jim Duke's personal files.

Root

800.0

11000.0

1.0

Jim Duke's personal files.

POTASSIUM

Root

2031.0

8090.0

-0.56

Activities (14)
Angiotensin-Receptor-Blocker
Antiarrhythmic	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antidepressant	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antifatigue	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antihypertensive
Antispasmodic	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antistroke
Anxiolytic
Beta-Blocker
Cardioprotective 3,000-5,000 mg
Cardiotoxic 18,000 mg/man/day
Diuretic
Hypotensive
Vasodilator

TRIDEC-1-ENE-3-5-7-9-11-PENTAYNE

Stem

5650.0

1.0

Jim Duke's personal files.

Flower

5000.0

1.0

Jim Duke's personal files.

Flower

1300.0

4800.0

-0.26

Jim Duke's personal files.

2,3-DICAFFEOYL-TARTARIC-ACID

Root

4500.0

1.0

Jim Duke's personal files.

Shoot

3400.0

Jim Duke's personal files.

CALCIUM

Root

826.0

3290.0

-0.45

Activities (28)
AntiPMS 1 g/day
Antiallergic 500 mg/day
Antianxiety	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antiarrhythmic 500-1,500 mg
Antiarthritic 1,000 mg/day
Antiatherosclerotic 500 mg/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Anticlimacteric 1,000-1,500 mg/day
Antidepressant	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antidote (Aluminum)	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antidote (Lead)	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antihyperkinetic	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antihypertensive
Antiinsomniac	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antimenopausal 1,000-1,500 mg/day
Antiobesity
Antiosteoporotic 500-2,000 mg/day
Antiperiodontitic 750 mg/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antirheumatic 1,000 mg/day
Antistress 500-1,500 mg/day
Antitic	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Anxiolytic 500-1,500 mg/day
Calcium-Channel-Blocker
Diuretic
Hypocholesterolemic 500 mg/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Hypotensive 1 g/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Laxative 1,000-1,200 mg
Tranquilizer 500-1,500 mg/day
Vasodilator

Shoot

900.0

3200.0

-0.66

Jim Duke's personal files.

4-O-METHYL-GLUCURONOARABINOXYLAN

Shoot

2600.0

Jim Duke's personal files.

Root

628.0

2500.0

-0.54

MAGNESIUM

Root

467.0

1860.0

-0.37

Activities (65)
AntiCFS
AntiLyme 400-1,000 mg
AntiMS
AntiPMS 400-800 mg/day/wmn/orl
AntiPMS 400-800 mg/day/wmn orl
AntiRaynaud's 280-350 mg/day
Antiaggregant 400 mg/day
Antialcoholic
Antianginal 400 mg/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antianorectic	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antianxiety 400 mg/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antiarrhythmic 400 mg/day
Antiarthritic	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antiasthmatic	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Antiatherosclerotic 400 mg/day
Anticephalagic
Anticlimacteric 500-750 mg/day
Anticonvulsant	Facciola, S. 1998. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications, Vista CA. 713 pp.
Anticoronary 400 mg/day	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Antidepressant	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antidiabetic 400-800 mg/man/day
Antidysmenorrheic 100 mg 4 x/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antiendometriotic 500 mg/day
Antienterotic
Antiepileptic 450 mg/day
Antifatigue
Antifibromyalgic 200-300 mg 3x/day
Antigastrotic
Antiglaucomic
Antihyperkinetic	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antihypertensive
Antihypoglycemic	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antiinflammatory 100 mg 4 x/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antiinsomniac	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antilithic	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Antimastalgic	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Antimenopausal 500-750 mg/day
Antimigraine 200 mg/day/man	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antimitral-valve-prolapse
Antinephrolytic
Antineurotic	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antiosteoporotic 500-1,000 mg/day/wmn/orl
Antiplaque 500-1,000 mg/day
Antiretinopathic 400 mg/day	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Antispasmodic
Antispasmophilic 500 mg/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antistress 500-750 mg/day
Antistroke 400 mg/day	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Antisyndrome-X 400 mg/man/day	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Anxiolytic 500-750 mg/day
CNS-Depressant	Facciola, S. 1998. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications, Vista CA. 713 pp.
Calcium-Antagonist
Cardioprotective
Diuretic
Hypocholesterolemic 400 mg/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Hypotensive 260-500 mg/day
Immunomodulator
Insulinogenic 400 mg/day	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Laxative 300-500 mg/day
Litholytic
Myorelaxant 100 mg 4 x/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Neurotransmitter
Tranquilizer 500-750 mg/day
Uterorelaxant 100 mg 4 x/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Vasodilator

2-CAFFEOYL-3-FERULOYL-TARTARIC-ACID

Shoot

1600.0

Jim Duke's personal files.

CINNAMOYL-ECHINAXANTHOL

Root

1000.0

Jim Duke's personal files.

2-CAFFEOYL-TARTARIC-ACID

Shoot

1000.0

Jim Duke's personal files.

CINNAMOYL-ECHINADIOL

Root

1000.0

Jim Duke's personal files.

ASCORBIC-ACID

Root

212.0

843.0

-0.16

Activities (112)
Acidulant FEMA 6,000	Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry
Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Analgesic 5-10 g/day
Angiotensin-Receptor-Blocker
AntiAGE 2,000 mg/day	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
AntiCFS 500-1,000 mg
AntiCTS 1,000 mg 3x/day
AntiCrohn's 50-100 mg/day/orl/man	Martindale's 29th
AntiLyme 500-2,000 mg
AntiRaynaud's 500 mg 1-2x/day
Antiaggregant	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Antiaging 400 mg/day
Antiallergic
Antialzheimeran 2,000-6,000 mg/day
Antiarthritic 0.2-1 g/day
Antiasthmatic 1,000 mg/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antiatherosclerotic
Antibacterial	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Anticataract 350 mg/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Anticataract 400 mg/day	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Anticataract 1 g 3x/day
Anticervicaldysplasic 1,000-2,000 mg/day
Anticlimacteric 500-5,000 mg/day
Anticold 1-2 g/man/day
Antidecubitic 500 mg/man/2x/day	Martindale's 28th
Antidementia
Antidepressant 2,000 mg/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antidiabetic	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Antidote (Aluminum)	Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.
Antidote (Cadmium)	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antidote (Lead)	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antidote (Paraquat)	Martindale's 28th
Antieczemic 3.5-5 g/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antiedemic 1 g/man/day	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antiencephalitic	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antiendometriotic 2,000 mg/day
Antifatigue 500-1,000 mg
Antifibrotic 1,000-2,000 mg
Antigallstone 1,000-3,000 mg/day
Antigastritic
Antigingivitic
Antiglaucomic 2 g/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antihangover 1,000 mg
Antihemorrhagic 1 g/man/day	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antihepatitic 2-6 g/man/day	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antihepatotoxic	Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.
Antiherpetic 1-5 g/day
Antihistaminic 2 g/day orl man
Antihypertensive
Antiinfertility 1 g/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antiinflammatory	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Antilepric 1.5 g/man/day	Martindale's 28th
Antilithic 1,000-3,000 mg/day
Antimaculitic
Antimeasles	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antimenopausal 500-5,000 mg/day
Antimigraine	Martindale's 29th
Antimutagenic	Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.
Antineuramidase
Antinitrosic 1 g/man/day	Martindale's 28th
Antiobesity 1 g 3x/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antiorchitic	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antiosteoarthritic 1 g 2x/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antiosteoporotic 500 mg/day
Antioxidant 100 ppm
Antiparkinsonian 1 g 2-3x/day
Antiparotitic	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antiperiodontitic 1 g 2x/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antipneumonic	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Antipodriac	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antipoliomyelitic	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antipyretic	Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.
Antiradicular	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Antiretinotic
Antirheumatic
Antirhinitic 1,000 mg 3x/day
Antiscorbutic 10 mg/man/day	Martindale's 28th
Antiseptic MIC=3.3-217 mg/ml	Martindale's 28th
Antiseptic 4-8 g/day	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Antishingles	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antispasmodic 500-5,000 mg/day
Antistress 500-1,000 mg
Antisyndrome-X 1-4 g/day	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Antitumor (Gastric)
Antitumor (Lung)
Antiulcer
Antiviral 1-5 g/day
Apoptotic 1-10 mM
Asthma-preventive 1,000 mg/day/orl	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Blocker
Beta-Glucuronidase-Inhibitor 1.5 g/day/man
Calcium-Antagonist
Cancer-Preventive	Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.
Cardioprotective
Cold-preventive 1-2 g/day	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Collagenic
Detoxicant
Diuretic 700 mg/man/orl
Fistula-Preventive	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Hypocholesterolemic 300-1,000 mg/day	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Hypoglycemic	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Hypotensive 1,000 mg/man/day
Immunomodulator
Immunostimulant	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Interferonogenic	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Lithogenic	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Mucolytic 1 g/woman/day	Martindale's 28th
Pesticide
Uricosuric 4 g/man/day	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Urinary-Acidulant	Martindale's 29th
Vasodilator
Vulnerary	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).

PHOSPHORUS

Root

198.0

790.0

-0.48

Activities (4)
Antiosteoporotic	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Anxiolytic
Immunostimulant	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Osteogenic	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.

ALUMINUM

Root

197.0

786.0

0.11

Activities (5)
Antisilicotic	Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of the Tropics. Leeuwenberg, A.J.M., ed. Pudoc, Wageningen. 1987.
Antivaginitic	Martindale's 28th
Candidicide	Martindale's 28th
Encephalopathic	Martindale's 29th
Pesticide

2-FERULOYL-TARTARIC-ACID

Shoot

400.0

Jim Duke's personal files.

TRIDECA-8,10,12-TRIENE-2,4,6-TRIYNE

Root

200.0

300.0

1.0

Jim Duke's personal files.

UNDECA-CIS-2-TRANS-4-DIENE-2,4-DIYN-1-OIC-ACID-ISOBUTYLAMIDE

Root

166.7

-1.0

Jim Duke's personal files.

DODECA-2,4,8,10-TETRAEN-1-OIC-ACID-ISOBUTYLAMIDE

Root

166.7

-1.0

Jim Duke's personal files.

DODECA-CIS-2-TRANS-4-DIENE-8,10-DIYN-1-OIC-ACID-ISOBUTYLAMIDE

Root

166.7

-1.0

Jim Duke's personal files.

GERMACRENE-D

Shoot

120.0

-0.3

Activities (2)
Pesticide
Pheromone

2-CAFFEOYL-3-COUMAROYL-TARTARIC-ACID

Shoot

120.0

Jim Duke's personal files.

TRIDEC-1-ENE-3-5-7-9-11-PENTAYNE

Stem

100.0

-1.0

Jim Duke's personal files.

TRIDECA-1,3-DIENE-5,7,9,11-TETRAYNE

Root

100.0

Jim Duke's personal files.

TRIDECA-1-11-DIENE-3-5-7-9-TETRAYNE

Root

100.0

-0.55

Jim Duke's personal files.

SODIUM

Root

23.0

90.0

-0.47

Activities (1)
Hypertensive	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.

IRON

Root

18.0

70.0

-0.34

Activities (6)
Antiakathisic	Martindale's 29th
Antianemic	Martindale's 29th
Anticanker
Anticheilitic	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antimenorrhagic 100 mg/day/wmn/orl	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Prooxidant

NIACIN

Root

17.0

68.0

0.51

Activities (39)
Allergenic	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
AntiLyme 50 mg/day
AntiMeniere's	Duke, J. A. Writeups or information summaries on approximately 2,000 economic plants, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705.
AntiRaynaud's 1,500-4,000 mg/day
Antiacrodynic
Antiallergic 50 mg/2x/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antialzheimeran
Antiamblyopic
Antianginal
Anticataract
Antichilblain	Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
Anticonvulsant 3 g/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antidementia
Antidermatitic	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antidiabetic
Antidysphagic
Antiepileptic 3 g/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antihangover 50 mg
Antihistaminic 50 mg 2x/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antihyperactivity 1.5-6 g/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antiinsomnic 1 g/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antineuralgic
Antiparkinsonian 100 mg/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antipellagric	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antiscotomic
Antispasmodic 100 mg 2x/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antivertigo
Cancer-Preventive	Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.
Cardioprotective
Circulotonic
Fibrinolytic
Hepatoprotective
Hepatotoxic
Hypocholesterolemic 50-100 mg 3x/day
Hypoglycemic
Hypolipidemic
Sedative	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Serotoninergic	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Vasodilator	Martindale's 29th

ISOTUSSILAGINE

Root

15.0

60.0

Bisset, N.G., ed. 1994. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 566 pp.

TUSSILAGINE

Root

15.0

60.0

Activities (1)
Calcium-Antagonist IC50=1.2 uM

GERMACRA-4(15)-5-TRANS-10(14)-TRIEN-1-BETA-OL

Shoot

42.1

Jim Duke's personal files.

SILICON

Root

8.0

30.1

-0.2

Activities (4)
Antiarteriosclerotic	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antionychyotic
Antiosteoporotic
Cardioprotective

TRIDECA-TRANS-2-CIS-7-DIENE-10,12-DIYNOIC-ACID-ISOBUTYLAMIDE

Shoot

20.0

Jim Duke's personal files.

TIN

Root

4.3

17.0

0.05

Activities (4)
Antiacne
Antibacterial
Pesticide
Taenicide	Martindale's 28th

DODECA-TRANS-2-TRANS-4-CIS-8-TRANS-10-TETRAENOIC-ACID-ISOBUTYLAMIDE

Root

16.7

Jim Duke's personal files.

DODECA-TRANS-2-TRANS-4-CIS-8-CIS-10-TETRAENOIC-ACID-ISOBUTYLAMIDE

Root

16.7

Jim Duke's personal files.

COBALT

Root

4.0

14.8

-0.22

Activities (2)
Cardiomyopathogenic	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Erythrocytogenic	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.

UNDECA-CIS-2-TRANS-4-DIENE-8,10-DIYNOIC-ACID-ISOBUTYLAMIDE

Root

12.8

-1.0

Jim Duke's personal files.

RIBOFLAVIN

Root

3.0

12.0

1.73

Activities (15)
AntiLyme 50 mg/day
Antiarabiflavinotic 2-10 mg/day orl	Martindale's 28th
Anticarpal-Tunnel 50 mg/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Anticataract 15 mg/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Anticephalagic
Anticervicaldysplasic 1.6-10 mg/day
Anticheilitic
Antidecubitic
Antiglossitic	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antikeratitic
Antimigraine
Antioxidant
Antipellagric
Antiphotophobic	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Cancer-Preventive	Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.

MANGANESE

Root

3.0

10.1

-0.43

Activities (14)
AntiPMS
Antialcoholic	Forest H. Nielsen, USDA, Grand Forks, various publications.
Antianemic	Martindale's 28th
Antiarthritic
Antidiabetic 3-5 mg/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antidiabetic 10-30 mg/man/day
Antidiscotic	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antidyskinetic	Martindale's 28th
Antiepileptic 450 mg/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antiosteoporotic
Antiototic	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antioxidant
Antisyndrome-X 10-30 mg/man/day	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Hypoglycemic 10-30 mg/man/day

PENTADECA-TRANS-2-CIS-9-DIENE-12,14-DIYNOIC-ACID-(2-HYDROXY-ISOBUTYL)-AMIDE

Shoot

10.0

Jim Duke's personal files.

PENTADECA-TRANS-2-CIS-9-DIENE-12,14-DIYNOIC-ACID-ISOBUTYLAMIDE

Shoot

8.0

Jim Duke's personal files.

UNDECA-TRANS-2-CIS-4-DIENE-8,10-DIYNOIC-ACID-ISOBUTYLAMIDE

Root

5.6

-1.0

Jim Duke's personal files.

ZINC

Root

1.3

5.1

-0.84

Activities (77)
ACE-Inhibitor
Analgesic
AntiBPH 25-60 mg/day
AntiCrohn's	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
AntiHIV
Antiacne 135 mg/day
Antiacrodermatitic 8-34 mg/day/orl/chd	Martindale's 29th
Antialcoholic
Antialopecic	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antialzheimeran 50 mg/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antiangiogenic
Antianorexic	Martindale's 29th
Antiarthritic 50 mg/3x/day/orl/man
Anticanker 100 mg/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Anticataract 30 mg/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Anticoeliac	Martindale's 28th
Anticold 50 mg	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Anticolitic	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Anticoronary 30 mg/day	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Antidandruff	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antidementia
Antidiabetic 30 mg/day	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Antidote (Cadmium)	Let's Live, May 1989.
Antidysgeuzic
Antieczemic 150 mg/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antiencephalopathic	Martindale's 29th
Antiepileptic 100 mg/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antifibrotic 30 mg
Antifuruncular 45 mg/3x/day/man	Martindale's 28th
Antihangover 15 mg
Antiherpetic? 25-60 mg/day
Antiimpotence	Martindale's 29th
Antiinfective 50 mg/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antiinfertility 60 mg/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antiinsomniac	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antilepric	Martindale's 29th
Antileukonychic
Antilymphomic
Antimaculitic
Antimetastatic
Antineuropathic
Antinyctalopic
Antiobesity 30 mg/day	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Antiosteoporotic
Antiperiodontitic
Antiplaque	Martindale's 29th
Antiprolactin	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Antiprostatitic 50 mg/man/day/orl	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Antirheumatic	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antiseptic 50 mg/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antispare-Tire 30 mg/day	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Antistomatitic 50 mg/man/3x/day	Martindale's 28th
Antisyndrome-X 30 mg/day	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Antitinnitic 60-120 mg/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antitriglyceride 30 mg/day	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Antiulcer 50 mg/3x/day/man	Martindale's 28th
Antiulcer 88 mg/rat/day/15 days
Antiviral?	Martindale's 29th
Astringent	Martindale's 28th
Collagenic
Copper-Antagonist	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Deodorant	Martindale's 29th
Detoxicant (Alcohol)
Ergogenic
Hypotensive 30 mg/day	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Immunomodulator
Immunostimulant	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Immunosuppressant 300 mg/day/6 wks/orl/man	Martindale's 29th
Insulinogenic 30 mg/day	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Leptingenic 30-60 mg/man/day	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Mucogenic	Li, K.M. Effect of zinc sulphate on acetic acid-induced gastric ulceration in rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 657-659, 1990.
NF-kB-Inhibitor
Pesticide
Spermigenic 60 mg/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Testosteronigenic 60 mg/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Trichomonicide	Martindale's 29th
Vulnerary	Martindale's 28th

TRIDECA-TRANS-2-CIS-7-DIENE-10,12-DIYNOIC-ACID-ISOBUTYLAMIDE

Root

4.4

-1.0

Jim Duke's personal files.

DODECA-TRANS-2-CIS-4-DIENE-8,10-DIYNOIC-ACID-ISOBUTYLAMIDE

Root

4.4

-1.0

Jim Duke's personal files.

TRIDECA-TRANS-2-TRANS-6-CIS-8-TRIENE-10,12-DIYNOIC-ACID-ISOBUTYLAMIDE

Shoot

2.0

3.2

Jim Duke's personal files.

DODECA-TRANS-2-TRANS-4-CIS-8-TRIENOIC-ACID-ISOBUTYLAMIDE

Root

2.8

Jim Duke's personal files.

DODECA-TRANS-2-CIS-4-DIENE-8,10-DIYNOIC-ACID-2-METHYL-BUTYLAMIDE

Root

2.8

Jim Duke's personal files.

THIAMINE

Root

0.7

2.6

-0.34

VANILLIN

Shoot

2.4

Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (28)
Allelochemic IC50=4.26 mM	Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp.
Allergenic
Antianemic
Anticancer
Antidrepanocytic
Antiescherichic 10-100 mmol/l
Antilactobacillic 10-100 mmol/l
Antilisteria
Antimutagenic	Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.
Antioxidant #NAME?
Antipolio	Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 194.
Antiradicular 7 x quercetin
Antisickling
Antitumor
Antitumor-Promoter
Antiviral	Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 194.
Antiyeast 8-30 mM
Bacteristat 10-40 mmol/l
Cancer-Preventive	Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.
Candidicide 8-20 mM
Choleretic	Rinzler, C. A. 1990. The Complete Book of Herbs, Spices and Condiments. Facts on File, New York. 199 pp.
FLavor FEMA 50-20,000	Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry
Fungicide	Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
Immunosuppressant
Insectifuge?	Martindale's 28th
Irritant
Perfumery
Pesticide

BETA-CAROTENE

Root

0.6

2.2

-0.42

Activities (53)
Allergenic
Androgenic?	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
AntiPMS
Antiacne	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Antiaging
Antiarthritic
Antiasthmatic	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Anticancer	Joseph, J., Nadeau, D. and Underwood, A. 2001. The Color Code. Hyperion, NY.
Anticarcinomic	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Anticervicaldysplasic
Anticoronary 50 mg/man/2 days
Antihyperkeratotic
Antiichythyotic	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Antileukoplakic
Antilipoperoxidant IC71=50 ug/ml
Antilupus 150 mg/man/day/2 mos	Martindale's 28th
Antimaculitic
Antimastitic	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Antimutagenic	Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.
Antioxidant	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Antiozenic
Antipapillomic
Antiphotophobic 30-300 mg/man/day	Martindale's 29th
Antipityriasic	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Antiporphyric 30-300 mg/man/day	Martindale's 28th
Antiproliferant	Joseph, J., Nadeau, D. and Underwood, A. 2001. The Color Code. Hyperion, NY.
Antipsoriac	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Antiradicular	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Antirheumatic
Antistress	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antitumor	Simon, P.W. Carrots and Other Horticultural Crops as a Source of Provitamin A Carotenes. HortScience, 25(12): 1495, 1990.
Antitumor (Breast) IC45=60 ug/ml
Antitumor (CNS) IC43=45 ug/ml
Antitumor (Colon) IC43=45 ug/ml
Antitumor (Lung) IC30=60 ug/ml
Antitumor (Prostate)
Antitumor (Stomach) IC26=45 ug/ml
Antiulcer 12 mg 3x/day/man/orl	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Antiulcer 15,000-25,000 IU/day
Antixerophthalmic	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
COX-1-Inhibitor IC78=50 ug/ml
COX-2-Inhibitor IC82=50 ug/ml
Cancer-Preventive 22 ppm	Jim Duke's personal files.
Chemopreventive
Colorant	Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
Gastroprotective
Immunostimulant 180 mg/man/day/orl	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Interferon-Synergist
Mucogenic	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Phagocytotic	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Prooxidant 20 ug/g
Thymoprotective	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Ubiquiot	Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.

SELENIUM

Root

0.5

2.1

-0.21

Activities (60)
AP-1-Inhibitor 2-50 uM
Analgesic 200 ug/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Anorexic	Cooper-Driver, G. A., Chemical substances in plants toxic to animals, pp. 213-47 in Rechcigl, M., Jr., ed. CRC Handbook of Naturally Occurring Food Toxicants, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1983, 339 pp.
AntiHIV
AntiNF-kB
Antiacne 200 ug/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antiaggregant	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Antiangiogenic 2 uM
Antiangiogenic 230 ug/kg orl rat
Antiarthritic
Antiasthmatic
Antiatherosclerotic
Anticataract 400 ug/day
Anticirrhotic	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Anticlimacteric 200 ug/day
Anticoronary 200 ug/day
Antidandruff	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antidepressant 200 ug/day
Antidote (Mercury)	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antifibrotic 400 ug
Antigout 200 ug
Antikeshan	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antileukemic 1.6 mg/kg ipr mus
Antileukotriene	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Antimaculitic
Antimelanomic 480 ug/kg
Antimenopausal 200 ug/day
Antimetastatic 480 ug/kg
Antimyalgic 200 ug/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antiosteoarthritic
Antioxidant 100-200 (-400) ug/man/day
Antiparkinsonian 200-400 ug/day
Antiproliferant 2 uM
Antiradicular 100-200 (-400) ug/man/day	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Antirheumatic
Antisyndrome-X 100-200 (-400) ug/man/day	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Antitumor 100-200 (-400) ug/man/day	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Antitumor (Breast) 333.6 ug/day
Antitumor (Breast) 0.8 mg/kg scu mus
Antitumor (Breast) 150 ug/kg diet rat
Antitumor (Breast) 230 ug/kg orl rat
Antitumor (Lung) 240 ug/kg diet
Antitumor (Prostate)
Antitumor (brain) 38-150 ug/kg
Antiulcerogenic	Rafatullah, S., Tariq, M., Al-Yahya, M.A., Mossa, J.S., and Ageel, A.M. 1989. Evaluation of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) for Gastric and Duodenal Antiulcer Activity in Rats. J. of Ethnopharmacology, 29: 25-34, 1990.
Anxiolytic
Apoptotic
Cancer-Preventive	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Cardioprotective 200 ug/day
Depressant	Cooper-Driver, G. A., Chemical substances in plants toxic to animals, pp. 213-47 in Rechcigl, M., Jr., ed. CRC Handbook of Naturally Occurring Food Toxicants, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1983, 339 pp.
Fungicide	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Immunomodulator
Immunostimulant 100-200 (-400) ug/man/day	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
NF-kB-Inhibitor
Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor
Pesticide
Polyamine-Synthesis-Inhibitor
Prostaglandin-Sparer	Fujita, T., Nakatani, E., Funaishi, N., Sakuma, S., Fujimoto, Y. Potent inhibition of prostaglandin inactivation in rabbit gastric antral mucosal slices by selenium ions in-vitro. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 655-657, 1990.
Protein-Kinase-C-Inhibitor IC50=2-50 uM
VEGF-Inhibitor

CHROMIUM

Root

0.5

1.9

-0.18

Activities (24)
Amphiglycemic?	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
AntiAGE 200-1,000 ug	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
AntiCFS 200 ug
Antiacne
Antiaging 200-1,000 ug	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Antiatherosclerotic 20 ug/day
Anticorneotic	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antidiabetic 200-1,000 ug
Antidote (Lead)	Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
Antifatigue 200 ug
Antiglycosuric 200-1,000 ug
Antiobesity 200-1,000 ug	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Antisyndrome-X 200-800 ug	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Antitriglyceride 20 ug/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antitriglyceride 200-1,000 ug	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Cardioprotective
Energizer
Hypocholesterolemic 20 ug/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Hypocholesterolemic 200-1,000 ug	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Hypoglycemic 200-1,000 ug	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Hypotensive 200-1,000 ug	Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
Immunomodulator
Insulinogenic
Memorigenic

UNDECA-TRANS-2-CIS-4-DIENE-8,10-DIYNOIC-ACID-2-METHYL-BUTYLAMIDE

Root

1.7

Jim Duke's personal files.

TRIDECA-TRANS-2-CIS-7-DIENE-10,12-DIYNOIC-ACID-(2-METHYL-BUTYL)-AMIDE

Shoot

1.2

Jim Duke's personal files.

DODECA-TRANS-2-TRANS-4-TRANS-10-TRIEN-8-YNOIC-ACID-ISOBUTYLAMIDE

Root

1.1

Jim Duke's personal files.

POLYSACCHARIDE-E

Tissue Culture

Jim Duke's personal files.

ECHINACEA-FACTOR-A

Root

Jim Duke's personal files.

ARABINOGALACTAN

Tissue Culture

Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (6)
Anticomplementary
Antileishmanic 250 ug/ml
Immunostimulant 3.7-500 ug/ml
Interferonogenic 3.7-500 ug/ml
Mitogenic
Phagocytotic

CARYOPHYLLENE

Shoot

Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.

Activities (31)
Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor
Allergenic
Analgesic	Taylor, Leslie. 2005. The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs. SquareOne Publisher, Garden City Park, NY. 519 pp.
Antiacne
Antiasthmatic	Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.
Antibacterial
Anticariogenic MIC=>1,600 ug/ml	Muroi, H. and Kubo, I. 1993. Combination Effects of Antibacterial Compounds in Green Tea Flavor against Streptococcus mutans. J. Agric. Food Chem. 41: 1102-1105.
Antidermatitic
Antiedemic	Shimizu,*M., et al. 1990. Anti-inflammatory Constituents of Topically Applied Crude Drugs. IV.1) Constituents and Anti-inflammatory Effect of Paraguayan Crude Drug 'Alhucema' (Lavandula latifolia Vill.)2). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(8): 2283-2284, 1990.
Antifeedant 500 ppm	Keeler, R.F. and Tu, A.T. eds. 1991. Toxicology of Plant and Fungal Compounds. (Handbook of Natural Toxins Vol. 6) Marcel Dekker, Inc. NY. 665 pp.
Antiinflammatory IC50=100 uM	Shimizu,*M., et al. 1990. Anti-inflammatory Constituents of Topically Applied Crude Drugs. IV.1) Constituents and Anti-inflammatory Effect of Paraguayan Crude Drug 'Alhucema' (Lavandula latifolia Vill.)2). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(8): 2283-2284, 1990.
Antileishmanic
Antionychyotic	Taylor, Leslie. 2005. The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs. SquareOne Publisher, Garden City Park, NY. 519 pp.
Antiproliferant
Antispasmodic
Antistaphylococcic
Antistreptococcic
Antitumor	Zheng, G-Q., Kenney, P.M., and Lam, L.K.T. Sesquiterpenes From Clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) As Potential Anticarcinogenic Agents. Journal of Natural Products 55(7): 999-1003, 1992.
Antiulcer	Taylor, Leslie. 2005. The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs. SquareOne Publisher, Garden City Park, NY. 519 pp.
Candidicide
FLavor FEMA 20-200	Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry
Fungicide
Gastroprotective	Taylor, Leslie. 2005. The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs. SquareOne Publisher, Garden City Park, NY. 519 pp.
Insectifuge
Irritant	Zebovitz, T. C. Ed. 1989. Part VII. Flavor and Fragrance Substances, in Keith L. H. and Walters, D.B., eds. Compendium of Safety Data Sheets for Research and Industrial Chemicals. VCH Publishers, New York. 3560-4253.
Larvicide
Mosquitocide
Perfumery	Merck 11th Edition
Pesticide
Sedative
Termitifuge	Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.

DODECA-2-TRANS-4-TRANS-10-TRANS-TRIEN-8-YNOIC-ACID-ISOBUTYLAMIDE

Root

Jim Duke's personal files.

Stem

Jim Duke's personal files.

DODECA-2-TRANS-4-CIS-DIENE-8,10-DIYNOIC-ACID-ISOBUTYLAMIDE

Flower

Jim Duke's personal files.

POLYSACCHARIDE-A

Tissue Culture

Jim Duke's personal files.

ARABINOGALACTAN

Shoot

Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (6)
Anticomplementary
Antileishmanic 250 ug/ml
Immunostimulant 3.7-500 ug/ml
Interferonogenic 3.7-500 ug/ml
Mitogenic
Phagocytotic

BORNEOL

Shoot

Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.

Activities (35)
(-)-Chronotropic 29 ug/ml	Hansel, R., Keller, K., Rimpler, H., and Schneider, G. eds. 1992. Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Drogen (A-D), 1209 pp., 1993 (E-O), 970 pp., 1994 (P-Z), 1196 pp. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
(-)-Inotropic 29 ug/ml	Hansel, R., Keller, K., Rimpler, H., and Schneider, G. eds. 1992. Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Drogen (A-D), 1209 pp., 1993 (E-O), 970 pp., 1994 (P-Z), 1196 pp. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Allelochemic
Analgesic
Antiacetylcholine	Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press, London. 296pp.
Antibacterial MIC=125-250 ug/ml
Antibronchitic	Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
Antiescherichic MIC=125 ug/ml
Antifeedant
Antiinflammatory
Antiotitic
Antipyretic
Antisalmonella MIC=125 ug/ml
Antispasmodic ED50=0.008 mg/ml
Antistaphylococcic MIC=250 ug/ml
Antiyeast MIC=250 ug/ml
CNS-Stimulant	List, P.H. and Horhammer, L., Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Vols. 2-6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969-1979.
CNS-Toxic	Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
Candidicide MIC=250 ug/ml
Choleretic
FLavor FEMA<1	Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry
Fungicide
Hepatoprotective
Herbicide IC50=470 mM	Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp.
Herbicide IC50=470 uM	Keeler, R.F. and Tu, A.T. eds. 1991. Toxicology of Plant and Fungal Compounds. (Handbook of Natural Toxins Vol. 6) Marcel Dekker, Inc. NY. 665 pp.
Inhalant	Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
Insect-Repellent
Insectifuge	Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.
Irritant	Rinzler, C. A. 1990. The Complete Book of Herbs, Spices and Condiments. Facts on File, New York. 199 pp.
Myorelaxant	Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press, London. 296pp.
Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml	Shoyakugaku Zasshi, 44: 183.
Perfumery	Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
Pesticide
Sedative	Medline (post 1990 searches filed in my computer)
Tranquilizer

Root

Jim Duke's personal files.

DODECA-2E,4E,8Z,10E/Z-TETRAENOIC-ACID-ISOBUTYLAMIDES

Shoot

Bisset, N.G., ed. 1994. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 566 pp.

Root

Jim Duke's personal files.

METHYL-P-HYDROXYCINNAMATE

Leaf

Jim Duke's personal files.

Shoot

Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press, London. 296pp.

GERMACRANEDIOL-EPOXIDE-CINNAMIC-ACID-ESTER

Root

Jim Duke's personal files.

DODECA-2-TRANS-4-CIS-DIENE-8,10-DIYNOIC-ACID-2-METHYL-BUTYLAMIDE

Root

Jim Duke's personal files.

P-HYDROXYCINNAMIC-ACID-METHYL-ESTER

Plant

Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.

TRIDECA-8,10,12-TRIENE-2,4,6-TRIYNE

Stem

Jim Duke's personal files.

VANILLIN

Plant

Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.

Activities (28)
Allelochemic IC50=4.26 mM	Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp.
Allergenic
Antianemic
Anticancer
Antidrepanocytic
Antiescherichic 10-100 mmol/l
Antilactobacillic 10-100 mmol/l
Antilisteria
Antimutagenic	Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.
Antioxidant #NAME?
Antipolio	Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 194.
Antiradicular 7 x quercetin
Antisickling
Antitumor
Antitumor-Promoter
Antiviral	Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 194.
Antiyeast 8-30 mM
Bacteristat 10-40 mmol/l
Cancer-Preventive	Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.
Candidicide 8-20 mM
Choleretic	Rinzler, C. A. 1990. The Complete Book of Herbs, Spices and Condiments. Facts on File, New York. 199 pp.
FLavor FEMA 50-20,000	Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry
Fungicide	Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
Immunosuppressant
Insectifuge?	Martindale's 28th
Irritant
Perfumery
Pesticide

Flower

Jim Duke's personal files.

DODECA-2-TRANS-4-CIS-8,10-DIYNOIC-ACID-ISOBUTYLAMIDE

Shoot

Jim Duke's personal files.

GLYCINE

Plant

Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.

Activities (12)
Antiacid	Martindale's 29th
Antialdosteronic	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Antidote (Hypoglycin-A)	Martindale's 29th
Antiencephalopathic	Martindale's 29th
Antigastritic	Martindale's 29th
Antiprostatitic 125-250 mg 3 x/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antipruritic	Merck 11th Edition
Antisickling	Ekeke, G.I. and Shode, F.O. 1988. Phenylalanine is the Predominant Antisickling Agent in Cajanus cajan Seed Extract. Planta Medica 56(1): 41, 1990.
Antiulcer	Martindale's 29th
Cancer-Preventive	Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.
Neuroinhibitor	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Uricosuric

13-HYDROXY-OCTADECA-CIS-9-TRANS-11-CIS-15-TRIENNOIC-ACID

Root

Jim Duke's personal files.

Shoot

Jim Duke's personal files.

GERMACRENE-ALCOHOL

Shoot

Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.

UNDECA-2-TRANS-4-CIS-DIENE-8,10-DIYNOIC-ACID-ISOBUTYLAMIDE

Flower

Jim Duke's personal files.

Root

Jim Duke's personal files.

CICHORIC-ACID

Shoot

Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (14)
AntiHIV
AntiHIV-Integrase
Antiflu	Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 207.
Antiotitic
Antiradicular
Antistomatitic	Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 194.
Antisunburn IC87=20 uM
Antiviral IC50=125 ug/ml	Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 253.
Bacteristat
Collagen-Sparing IC87=20 uM
Hyaluronidase-Inhibitor
Immunostimulant 10-100 ug/ml
Pesticide
Phagocytotic 10-100 ug/ml

RUTOSIDE

Leaf

Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.

Activities (4)
Antiaggregant
Anticapillary-Fragility
COMT-Inhibitor
Choleretic 50 mg/kg ipr

TRIDECA-2-TRANS-7-CIS-DIENE-10,12-DIYNOIC-ACID-ISOBUTYLAMIDE

Root

Jim Duke's personal files.

CYANIN

Flower

Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (5)
Antipolio	Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 197.
Antiviral	Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 197.
Emetic
Pesticide
Pigment	Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.

UNDECA-2-TRANS-4-CIS-DIENE-8,10-DIYNOIC-ACID-2-METHYL-BUTYLAMIDE

Root

Jim Duke's personal files.

ECHINACOSIDE

Root

Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (10)
Antibacterial	Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp.
Antiflu	Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 207.
Antihepatotoxic	Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
Antistaph
Antistomatitic	Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 194.
Antisunburn IC90=20 uM
Antiviral
Collagen-Sparing IC90=20 uM
Immunostimulant
Pesticide

3,4-EPOXY-TRIDECA-1,5-DIENE-7,9,11-TRIYNE

Leaf

Jim Duke's personal files.

HETEROXYLAN

Shoot

Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (1)
Phagocytotic

RUTIN

Leaf

Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.

Activities (87)
5-HT-Inhibitor
Aldehyde-Oxidase-Inhibitor IC27-52=10 uM
Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 100 uM
Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 4 ug/ml	Ichikawa, K., et al. 1991. Isolation and Structure Determination of Aldose Reductase Inhibitors from Traditional Thai Medicine, and Syntheses of Their Derivatives. Sankyo Kenkyusho Nempo, 43: 99-110.
Allelochemic
AntiCVI 270 mg/man/day
Antiaggregant ED50=33 nmol/kg iv
Antiallergic
Antiapoplectic
Antiatherogenic
Antiatherosclerotic
Antibacterial	Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
Anticancer
Anticapillary-Fragility 20-100 mg orl man	Merck 7th Ed.
Anticataract
Anticlastogen
Anticonvulsant	Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.
Antidementia	Bruneton, J. 1999. Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants. 2nd Ed. Lavoisier Publishing, Paris. 1119 pp.
Antidermatitic	Bisset, N.G., ed. 1994. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 566 pp.
Antidiabetic	Jin, G-Z., Yamagata, Y., and Tomita, K.-i. 1989. Structure of Rutin Pentamethanol. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(2): 297-300, 1990.
Antiedemic 270 mg/day orl man
Antierythemic
Antifeedant
Antiglaucomic 60 mg/day	Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
Antihematuric
Antihemorrhoidal
Antihepatotoxic	Keeler, R.F. and Tu, A.T. eds. 1991. Toxicology of Plant and Fungal Compounds. (Handbook of Natural Toxins Vol. 6) Marcel Dekker, Inc. NY. 665 pp.
Antiherpetic	Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 198.
Antihistaminic
Antihypertensive	Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.
Antiinflammatory 20 mg/kg
Antimalarial IC50=>100 ug/ml	Khalid, S.A., Farouk, A., Geary*, T.G., and Jensen, J.B. 1985. Potential Antimalarial Candidates From African Plants: An In Vitro Approach Using Plasmodium falciparum. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 15: 201-209, 1986.
Antimelanomic
Antimetastatic
Antimutagenic ID50=2-5 nM
Antinephritic
Antinociceptive
Antioxidant IC28=30 ppm
Antioxidant IC50=120 uM
Antioxidant IC54=10 uM
Antiperoxidant IC50=10-20 uM
Antiplatelet
Antiproliferant 50-75 uM/l
Antiprotozoal
Antipurpuric
Antiradicular 9 x quercetin
Antispasmodic
Antisunburn
Antithrombogenic EC50=500 nM
Antithyroid IC50=68 uM
Antitrypanosomic 100 mg/kg	Planta Medica, 57: A44, 1991.
Antitumor
Antitumor-Promoter
Antiulcer
Antivaricose
Antiviral
Apoptotic 75 uM/l
Cancer-Preventive	Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.
Capillariprotective	Merck 11th Edition
Catabolic
Chemopreventive
Cytoprotective IC50=3 uM
Estrogenic?	Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.
Hemostat
Hepatomagenic 20,000 ppm (diet) rat	Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health. Antioxidants & Cancer Prevention. Huang, M.T., Ho, C.T. and Lee, C.Y. eds. 1992. ACS Symposium Series 507.ACS, Washington 402 pp.
Hepatoprotective 20 mg/kg rat
Hypocholesterolemic	Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.
Hypotensive	Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.
Immunomodulator
Insecticide	Keeler, R.F. and Tu, A.T. eds. 1991. Toxicology of Plant and Fungal Compounds. (Handbook of Natural Toxins Vol. 6) Marcel Dekker, Inc. NY. 665 pp.
Insectiphile	Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
Juvabional	Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.
Larvistat IC95=4,000-8,000 ppm diet	Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp.
Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC75=2.5 mM	Oszmianski, J. and Lee, C.Y. 1990. Inhibitory Effect of Phenolics on Carotene Bleaching in Vegetables. J. Agric. Food Chem. 38: 688-690.
Mutagenic	Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.
Myoprotective
Myorelaxant	Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.
Oviposition-Stimulant	Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
PAF-Inhibitor
Pesticide
Protisticide
Radioprotective
Sunscreen
Topoisomerase-II-Inhibitor IC50=1 ug/ml	Bernard, F. X., Sable, S., Cameron, B., Provost, J., Desnottes, J. F., Crouzet, J., Blanche, F. 1997. Glycosylated Flavones as Selective Inhibitors of Topoisomerase IV. Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy, 41: 992-998.
Vasodilator
Vasopressor
cAMP-Phosphodiesterase-Inhibitor	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).

Stem

Jim Duke's personal files.

ECHINACEA-PURPUREA-POLYSACCHARIDE

Shoot

Jim Duke's personal files.

CYANIDIN-3-O-(6-O-MALONYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE)

Flower

Jim Duke's personal files.

UNDECA-2-TRANS-4-CIS-8,10-DIYNOIC-ACID-ISOBUTYLAMIDE

Shoot

Jim Duke's personal files.

BETA-SITOSTEROL

Root

Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (47)
Androgenic
Angiogenic
Anorexic	Martindale's 28th
Antiadenomic	Merck 11th Edition
Antiandrogenic	Malini, T. and Vanithakumari, G. 1989. Rat Toxicity Studies With B-Sitosterol. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 28: 221-234, 1990.
Antibacterial	Recently became Internat. J. Crude Drug Res. 28(1,2,3,4):1990, page 155.
Anticancer (Breast)	Madhavi, D. L., Bomser, J., Smith, M., Singletary, K. 1998. Isolation of Bioactive Constituents from Vaccinium myrtillus (Bilberry) Fruits and Cell Cultures. Plant Sci., 131(1): 95-103.
Anticancer (Cervix)
Anticancer (Lung)
Antiedemic IC54=320 mg/kg orl
Antiestrogenic	Malini, T. and Vanithakumari, G. 1989. Rat Toxicity Studies With B-Sitosterol. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 28: 221-234, 1990.
Antifeedant	Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.
Antifertility	Malini, T. and Vanithakumari, G. 1989. Rat Toxicity Studies With B-Sitosterol. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 28: 221-234, 1990.
Antigonadotrophic	Malini, T. and Vanithakumari, G. 1989. Rat Toxicity Studies With B-Sitosterol. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 28: 221-234, 1990.
Antihyperlipoproteinaemic	Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
Antiinflammatory
Antileukemic
Antilymphomic
Antimutagenic 250 ug/ml
Antiophidic 2.3 mg mus	Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 363.
Antioxidant IC44=10 uM
Antiprogestational	Malini, T. and Vanithakumari, G. 1989. Rat Toxicity Studies With B-Sitosterol. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 28: 221-234, 1990.
Antiprostaglandin 30 mg/day/12 wks
Antiprostatadenomic	Merck 11th Edition
Antiprostatitic 10-20 mg 3 x/day/orl man
Antipyretic	Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African Ethnobotany - Poisons and Drugs. Chapman & Hall, New York. 941 pp.
Antitumor (Breast)	Madhavi, D. L., Bomser, J., Smith, M., Singletary, K. 1998. Isolation of Bioactive Constituents from Vaccinium myrtillus (Bilberry) Fruits and Cell Cultures. Plant Sci., 131(1): 95-103.
Antitumor (Cervix)
Antitumor (Lung)
Antiviral	Abid Ali Khan, M.M., Jain, D.C., Bhakuni, R.S., Zaim, M., and Thakur, R.S. 1991. Occurrence of some antiviral sterols in Artemisia annua. Plant Science, 75: 161-165, 1991.
Apoptotic
Artemicide LC50=110 ppm	Jung, J.H., Pummangura, S., Chaichantipyuth, c., Patarapanich, C., and McLaughlin, J.L. 1989. Bioactive Constituents of Melodorum fruticosum. Phytochemistry. 29(5): 1667-1670. 1990.
Cancer-Preventive	Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.
Candidicide	Recently became Internat. J. Crude Drug Res. 28(1,2,3,4):1990, page 155.
Caspase-8-Inducer
Estrogenic
Febrifuge	Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African Ethnobotany - Poisons and Drugs. Chapman & Hall, New York. 941 pp.
Gonadotrophic	Malini, T. and Vanithakumari, G. 1989. Rat Toxicity Studies With B-Sitosterol. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 28: 221-234, 1990.
Hepatoprotective
Hypocholesterolemic 2-6 g/man/day/orl	Martindale's 30th
Hypocholesterolemic 9-3,330 mg/man/day/orl	Martindale's 28th
Hypoglycemic	Ivorra, M.D., Paya, M., and Villar, A. 1989. A Review of Natural Products and Plants as Potential Antidiabetic Drugs. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 27: 243-275, 1989.
Hypolipidemic 2-6 g/day
Pesticide
Spermicide	Malini, T. and Vanithakumari, G. 1989. Rat Toxicity Studies With B-Sitosterol. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 28: 221-234, 1990.
Ubiquiot	Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
Ulcerogenic 500 mg/kg ipr rat

ECHINACIN-B

Root

Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (1)
Vulnerary	Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp.

UNDECA-2-CIS-4-TRANS-DIENE-8,10-DIYNOIC-ACID-ISOBUTYLAMIDE

Stem

Jim Duke's personal files.

RHAMNOARABINOGALACTAN

Root

Bisset, N.G., ed. 1994. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 566 pp.

ECHINACEA-FACTOR-B

Root

Jim Duke's personal files.

P-COUMARIC-ACID

Fruit Juice

Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (25)
Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 4 ug/ml (weak activity)	Ichikawa, K., et al. 1991. Isolation and Structure Determination of Aldose Reductase Inhibitors from Traditional Thai Medicine, and Syntheses of Their Derivatives. Sankyo Kenkyusho Nempo, 43: 99-110.
Allelopathic	Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
Antibacterial	Pharmazie, 46: 156, 1991.
Anticlastogen
Antifertility
Antihepatotoxic	Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
Antileukemic IC50=25-56 ug/ml	Chiang, L. C., Chiang, W., Chang, M. Y., Ng, L. T., Lin, C. C. 2003. Antileukemic activity of selected natural products in Taiwan. Am J Chin Med, 31(1):37-46.
Antinitrosaminic	Joseph, J., Nadeau, D. and Underwood, A. 2001. The Color Code. Hyperion, NY.
Antioxidant IC24=30 ppm
Antioxidant 1/3 BHA
Antiperoxidant IC50=>100 uM	Planta Medica, 57: A54, 1991.
Antiseptic
Antispasmodic	Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press, London. 296pp.
Antitumor
Cancer-Preventive
Chemopreventive
Choleretic
Cytotoxic	Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
Diaphoretic?	Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Dec-90.
Fungicide	Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.
Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC11=5 mM	Oszmianski, J. and Lee, C.Y. 1990. Inhibitory Effect of Phenolics on Carotene Bleaching in Vegetables. J. Agric. Food Chem. 38: 688-690.
Pesticide
Prostaglandigenic
Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor
Tyrosinase-Inhibitor ID50=3,650 uM

CARYOPHYLLENE-EPOXIDE

Shoot

Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.

Activities (6)
Antifeedant 1 mM (diet)	Keeler, R.F. and Tu, A.T. eds. 1991. Toxicology of Plant and Fungal Compounds. (Handbook of Natural Toxins Vol. 6) Marcel Dekker, Inc. NY. 665 pp.
Attifuge	CIBA (Chadwick, D.J. and Marsh, J. 1990. Bioactive Compounds from Plants. CIBA Foundation Symposium 154. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Chichester UK. 242 pp.
Fungistat	CIBA (Chadwick, D.J. and Marsh, J. 1990. Bioactive Compounds from Plants. CIBA Foundation Symposium 154. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Chichester UK. 242 pp.
Insectifuge	CIBA (Chadwick, D.J. and Marsh, J. 1990. Bioactive Compounds from Plants. CIBA Foundation Symposium 154. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Chichester UK. 242 pp.
Larvicide IC60=5 mM	Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp.
Pesticide

Root

Jim Duke's personal files.

RHAMNOARABINOGALACTAN

Shoot

Jim Duke's personal files.

ECHINACEA-PURPUREA-POLYSACCHARIDE-I

Root

Jim Duke's personal files.

DODECA-2-TRANS-4-TRANS-DIENOIC-ACID-ISOBUTYLAMIDE

Root

Jim Duke's personal files.

Root

Jim Duke's personal files.

QUERCETIN-7-GLUCOSIDE

Leaf

Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.

DODECA-2-TRANS-4-TRANS-DIENOIC-ACID-ISOBUTYLAMIDE

Shoot

Jim Duke's personal files.

CICHORIENIC-ACID

Root

Jim Duke's personal files.

BORNYL-ACETATE

Shoot

Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.

Activities (12)
(-)-Chronotropic 933 nl/ml	Hansel, R., Keller, K., Rimpler, H., and Schneider, G. eds. 1992. Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Drogen (A-D), 1209 pp., 1993 (E-O), 970 pp., 1994 (P-Z), 1196 pp. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
(-)-Inotropic 933 nl/ml	Hansel, R., Keller, K., Rimpler, H., and Schneider, G. eds. 1992. Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Drogen (A-D), 1209 pp., 1993 (E-O), 970 pp., 1994 (P-Z), 1196 pp. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Antibacterial	Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.
Antifeedant	Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.
Antispasmodic ED50=0.09 mg/ml	Fitoterapia No.59-1984.
Antiviral	Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.
Expectorant	Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
FLavor FEMA 70-80	Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry
Insectifuge	Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., and Schneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Myorelaxant	Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press, London. 296pp.
Pesticide
Sedative

TUSSILAGIN

Plant

Jim Duke's personal files.

POLYSACCHARIDE

Plant

Jim Duke's personal files.

ECHINACEA-POLYSACCHARIDE

Tissue Culture

Jim Duke's personal files.

BETAINE

Root

Jim Duke's personal files.

Activities (14)
Abortifacient
Antigastritic	Martindale's 29th
Antihomocystinuric
Antimyoatrophic
Bruchiphobe	Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.
Cardioprotective
Diuretic	Wealth of India.
Emmenagogue	Wealth of India.
Ethanolytic
Expectorant
Hepatoprotective
Lipotropic
Mucogenic
Pesticide

DODECA-2-TRANS-4-TRANS-8-CIS-TRIENOIC-ACID-ISOBUTYLAMIDE

Root

Jim Duke's personal files.

QUERCETIN

Leaf

Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.

Activities (176)
11B-HSD-Inhibitor
5-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC50 (uM)=4
ATPase-Inhibitor	Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.
Aldehyde-Oxidase-Inhibitor IC70-96=10 uM
Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 100 uM
Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 4 ug/ml	Ichikawa, K., et al. 1991. Isolation and Structure Determination of Aldose Reductase Inhibitors from Traditional Thai Medicine, and Syntheses of Their Derivatives. Sankyo Kenkyusho Nempo, 43: 99-110.
Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor IC50=0.84 ug/ml cow	Okada,Y,et al.1995.Search for Naturally Occurring Substances to Prevent the Complications of Diabetes.II.Inhibitory Effect of Coumarin and Flavonoid Derivatives on Bovine Lens Aldose Reductase and Rabbit Platelet Aggregation.Chem Pharm Bull43(8):1385-1387
Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor IC50=0.344 uM	Mao, X. M., Zhang, J. Q. 1993. Inhibition of Aldose Reductase by Extracts of Chinese Herbal Medicine. Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi , 18(10): 623-624.
Allelochemic IC82=1 mM	Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp.
Allergenic	Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
Analgesic
AntiCrohn's 400 mg/man/3x/day	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
AntiGTF ID50=120 ug/ml
AntiHIV
AntiPMS 500 mg/2x/day/wmn	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Antiaflatoxin IC50=25 uM
Antiaflatoxin IC50=7.5 ppm
Antiaggregant IC50=55 uM	Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 333.
Antiaggregant 30 uM
Antiaging
Antiallergic IC50=14 uM	Jim Duke's personal files.
Antialzheimeran
Antianaphylactic	Meli, R., Autore, G., Di Carlo, G., Capasso, F. Inhibitory Action of Quercetin on Intestinal Transit in Mice. Phytotherapy Research 4(5): 201, 1990.
Antiangiogenic
Antiarthritic
Antiasthmatic IC50=14 uM
Antiatherosclerotic
Antibacterial	Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
Anticarcinomic (Breast) IC50=1.5 uM	Medline (post 1990 searches filed in my computer)
Anticariogenic ID50=120 ug/ml
Anticataract
Anticolitic 400 mg/man/3x/day	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Anticomplementary
Anticystitic 1,000 mg/day/4 weeks
Antidepressant
Antidermatitic	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Antidiabetic
Antielastase IC50=0.8 ug/ml
Antiencephalitic	Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 199.
Antiescherichic
Antiestrogenic
Antifeedant IC52=<1,000 ppm diet	Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp.
Antifibrosarcomic
Antiflu	Vlietinck, A.J. and Dommisse, R.A. eds. 1985. Advances in Medicinal Plant Research. Wiss. Verlag. Stuttgart.
Antigastric	Rastitel'nye Resursy, 21: 85.
Antigonadotropic	Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
Antihepatotoxic	Joyeux, M., Rolland, A., Fleurentin, J., Mortier, F., and Dorfman, P. 1989. Tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide-Induced Injury in Isolated Rat Hepatocytes: A Model for Studying Anti-Hepatotoxic Crude Drugs. Planta Medica 56(2): 171-173, 1990.
Antiherpetic 48-150 ug/ml
Antihistaminic IC50=<10 uM
Antihydrophobic	Vlietinck, A.J. and Dommisse, R.A. eds. 1985. Advances in Medicinal Plant Research. Wiss. Verlag. Stuttgart.
Antihypertensive	Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.
Antiinflammatory 20-150 mg/kg	Fitoterapia No.5-1990.
Antileishmanic IC50=64
Antileukemic IC50=10 uM	Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 225.
Antileukemic IC50=>10 ug/ml	Life Sciences 55: 1061.
Antileukemic 5.5-60 uM
Antileukotriene	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Antilipoperoxidant IC67=50
Antimalarial IC50=1-6.4 ug/ml	Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of the Tropics. Leeuwenberg, A.J.M., ed. Pudoc, Wageningen. 1987.
Antimelanomic
Antimetastatic
Antimutagenic ID50=2-5 nM	Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health. Antioxidants & Cancer Prevention. Huang, M.T., Ho, C.T. and Lee, C.Y. eds. 1992. ACS Symposium Series 507.ACS, Washington 402 pp.
Antimutagenic ID50=0.62 ug/ml
Antimyocarditic	Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 199.
Antinitrosaminic
Antinociceptive
Antioxidant IC96=300 ppm	Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health. Antioxidants & Cancer Prevention. Huang, M.T., Ho, C.T. and Lee, C.Y. eds. 1992. ACS Symposium Series 507.ACS, Washington 402 pp.
Antioxidant ED50=2.3 uM	Seidel, V., Verholle, M., Malard, Y., Tillequin, F., Fruchart, J-C., Duriez, P., Bailleul, F., Teissier, E. 2000. Phenylpropanoids from Ballota nigra L. Inhibit in vitro LDL Peroxidation. Phytotherapy Research, 14(2): 93-98.
Antioxidant 4.7 x Vit. E
Antioxidant IC47=10 uM
Antipancreatitic	Joseph, J., Nadeau, D. and Underwood, A. 2001. The Color Code. Hyperion, NY.
Antiperiodontal	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Antiperistaltic
Antipermeability
Antiperoxidant	Planta Medica, 57: A110, 1991.
Antipharyngitic	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Antiplaque	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Antiplasmodial IC50=13-64
Antipodriac
Antipolio	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Antiproliferant 10 nM
Antiprostanoid
Antiprostatitic	Joseph, J., Nadeau, D. and Underwood, A. 2001. The Color Code. Hyperion, NY.
Antipsoriac	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Antiradicular IC50=4.6 uM	Planta Medica, 56(6): 695, 1990.
Antispasmodic
Antistreptococcic ID50=120 ug/ml
Antithiamin	Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, 69.
Antithrombic
Antitrypanosomic IC50=13
Antitumor 10 uM
Antitumor (Bladder)
Antitumor (Breast)
Antitumor (Colon)
Antitumor (Lung)
Antitumor (Ovary)
Antitumor (Skin) 20 uM
Antitumor-Promoter	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Antiulcer
Antiviral IC50=10 uM	Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 225.
Antiviral 48-150 ug/ml	Amoros, M., Simoes, C.M.O., Girre, L., et al. Synergistic Effect Of Flavones And Flavonols Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 In Cell Culture. Comparison With The Antiviral Activity Of Propolis. J. of Natural Products 55(12):1732-1740, 1992.
Apoptotic 20-60 uM
Bacteristat 10 mg/ml
Bradycardiac	Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.
COMT-Inhibitor
COX-2-Inhibitor <40 uM
Calmodulin-Antagonist	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Cancer-Preventive	Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.
Candidicide
Capillariprotective	Merck 11th Edition
Carcinogenic 40,000 ppm (diet) mus	Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.
Catabolic
Copper-Chelator
Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor
Cytochrome-P450-1A2-Inhibitor
Cytotoxic ED50=70 ug/ml	Matsukawa, Y., et al. The Effect of Quercetin and Other Flavonoids on Cell Cycle Progresssion and Growth of Human Gastric Cancer Cells. Planta Medica, 56(6): 677, 1990.
Cytotoxic IC82=100 ug/ml	Planta Medica, 57: A113, 1991.
Deiodinase-Inhibitor	Jim Duke's personal files.
Diaphoretic?	Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Dec-90.
Differentiator 5.5 uM
Estrogenic 10% genistein
Fungicide
Glucosyl-Transferase-Inhibitor ID50=120 ug/ml
HIV-RT-Inhibitor IC50=<1 ug/ml	Nakane, H., Fukushima, M., and Ono*, K. Differential Inhibition Of Reverse Transcriptase And Various DNA Polymerases By Digallic Acid And Its Derivatives. Journal of Natural Products, 53(5): 1234-1240, 1990.
Hemostat	Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.
Hepatomagenic 5,000 ppm (diet) rat	Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health. Antioxidants & Cancer Prevention. Huang, M.T., Ho, C.T. and Lee, C.Y. eds. 1992. ACS Symposium Series 507.ACS, Washington 402 pp.
Hepatoprotective
Hypoglycemic 100 mg/kg orl rat	Ivorra, M.D., Paya, M., and Villar, A. 1989. A Review of Natural Products and Plants as Potential Antidiabetic Drugs. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 27: 243-275, 1989.
Inotropic
Insulinogenic	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
Juvabional	Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp.
Larvistat 8,000 ppm diet	Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp.
Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC11=1.25 mM	Oszmianski, J. and Lee, C.Y. 1990. Inhibitory Effect of Phenolics on Carotene Bleaching in Vegetables. J. Agric. Food Chem. 38: 688-690.
Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC50=0.1-5 uM
MAO-A-Inhibitor
MMP-9-Inhibitor 20 uM
Mast-Cell-Stabilizer
Metal-Chelator (Copper)	Seidel, V., Verholle, M., Malard, Y., Tillequin, F., Fruchart, J-C., Duriez, P., Bailleul, F., Teissier, E. 2000. Phenylpropanoids from Ballota nigra L. Inhibit in vitro LDL Peroxidation. Phytotherapy Research, 14(2): 93-98.
Metalloproteinase-Inhibitor IC50=>42 uM
Mutagenic
NADH-Oxidase-Inhibitor
NEP-Inhibitor IC50=>42 uM
NF-kB-Inhibitor
NO-Inhibitor IC>50=125 uM
NO-Inhibitor IC50=20 uM
NO-Synthase-Inhibitor 5-50 uM
Neuroprotective 5-25 uM
Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor <10 uM
P450-Inducer 5 uM	Father Nature's Farmacy: The aggregate of all these three-letter citations.
P450-Inhibitor 50-100 uM	Father Nature's Farmacy: The aggregate of all these three-letter citations.
PGE2-Inhibitor
PTK-Inhibitor 0.4-24 uM
Pesticide
Phospholipase-Inhibitor
Plasmodicide	Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African Ethnobotany - Poisons and Drugs. Chapman & Hall, New York. 941 pp.
Proliferant
Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor 40 ug/ml	Ibewuike, J. C., Ogungbamila, F. O., Ogundaini, A. O., Okeke, I. N., Bohlin, L. 1997. Antiinflammatory and Antibacterial Activities of C-methylflavonol from Piliostigma thonningii. Phytotherapy Research, 11(4): 281-284.
Protein-Kinase-C-Inhibitor	Naim, M., Zehavi, U., Nagy, S., and Rouseff, R.L. Hydroxycinnamic Acids as Off-Flavor Precursors in Citrus Fruits and Their Products. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.14.
Quinone-Reductase-Inducer 6 uM	Uda, Y., Price, K. R., Williamson, G., Rhodes, M. J. C. 1997. Induction of the Anticarcinogenic Marker Enzyme, Quinone Reductase, in Murine Hepatoma Cells In Vitro by Flavonoids. Cancer Lett., 120 (2): 213-216.
Quinone-Reductase-Inducer 13 uM
TNF-alpha-Inhibitor IC50=3.11 uM
Teratologic
Topoisomerase-I-Inhibitor IC50=12.8 ug/ml
Topoisomerase-I-Inhibitor IC50=42 uM
Topoisomerase-II-Inhibitor IC50=1-6.9 ug/ml
Topoisomerase-II-Inhibitor IC50=23-40 uM
Tumorigenic 0.1% diet orl rat/yr	Jim Duke's personal files.
Tyrosinase-Inhibitor ID50=70 uM
Tyrosine-Kinase-Inhibitor	Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 170.
VEGF-Inhibitor
Vasodilator
Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor IC50=>0.4 ug/ml	Chem. & Pharm. Bull. 38: 1772.
Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor IC50=10.6 ug/ml
Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor 3.1 uM
cAMP-Phosphodiesterase-Inhibitor	Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
iNOS-Inhibitor IC50=20 uM

TRIDECA-1-11-DIENE-3-5-7-9-TETRAYNE

Flower

Jim Duke's personal files.

DODECA-2-TRANS-4-TRANS-8-CIS-TRIENOIC-ACID-ISOBUTYLAMIDE

Shoot

Jim Duke's personal files.

ECHINACEA-POLYSACCHARIDE-VII-A

Flower

Jim Duke's personal files.

BETAINE

Plant

Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.

Activities (14)
Abortifacient
Antigastritic	Martindale's 29th
Antihomocystinuric
Antimyoatrophic
Bruchiphobe	Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.
Cardioprotective
Diuretic	Wealth of India.
Emmenagogue	Wealth of India.
Ethanolytic
Expectorant
Hepatoprotective
Lipotropic
Mucogenic
Pesticide

POLYSACCHARIDE-F

Tissue Culture

Jim Duke's personal files.

Root

Jim Duke's personal files.

DODECA-2-TRANS-4-TRANS-8-CIS-10-CIS-TETRAENOIC-ACID-ISOBUTYLAMIDE

Root

Jim Duke's personal files.

KAEMPFEROL-3-0-RUTINOSIDE

Leaf

Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.

DODECA-2-TRANS-4-TRANS-8-CIS-10-CIS-TETRAENOIC-ACID-ISOBUTYLAMIDE

Shoot

Jim Duke's personal files.