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Total Plants: 400
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Plant Low PPM High PPM StdDev *Reference
Zizyphus jujuba Leaf -- 46000.0 -0.8 *
Zizyphus jujuba Fruit -- 100000.0 0.1 *
Zanthoxylum americanum Plant -- -- *
Yucca baccata Root -- -- Pedersen, M. 1987. Nutritional Herbology. Pederson Publishing. Bountiful, Utah. 377 pp.
Warburgia ugandensis Bark -- -- *
Vitis vinifera Seed -- -- *
Viola tricolor Plant -- -- *
Vinca minor Plant -- -- CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs and/or CRC Handbook of Proximate Analyses
Viburnum opulus Fruit -- 30000.0 -0.6 List, P.H. and Horhammer, L., Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Vols. 2-6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969-1979.
Viburnum prunifolium Root Bark -- 20000.0 -1.4 Leung, A.Y., Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1980.
Veronica officinalis Plant -- -- *
Verbena officinalis Plant -- -- *
Vanilla planifolia Fruit -- -- ANON. 1948-1976. The Wealth of India raw materials. Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi. 11 volumes.
Vaccinium myrtillus Fruit 50000.0 120000.0 0.2 *
Vaccinium vitis-idaea Leaf 60000.0 200000.0 1.1 *
Vaccinium myrtillus Leaf 60000.0 200000.0 1.1 *
Urtica dioica Leaf 59700.0 133000.0 0.3 Jim Duke's personal files.
Ulmus rubra Bark 30000.0 65000.0 -0.7 *
Tussilago farfara Leaf -- 170000.0 0.7 *
Tussilago farfara Flower -- 6000.0 -1.4 *
*Unless otherwise noted all references are to Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.